HISTORY OF SHIISM: FROM THE ADVENT OF ISLAM UP TO THE END OF MINOR OCCULTATION

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First Pages a1
Foreword 1
Preface 3
Chapter One 7
A Cursory Glance at the References 0
Lesson One 9
Special References 0
1. Maqātil aṭ-Ṭālibiyyīn 10
2. Ad-Darajāt ar-Rafī‘ah fī Ṭabaqāt ash-Shī‘ah 11
3. A‘yān ash-Shī‘ah 12
4. Tārīkh ash-Shī‘ah 13
5. Shī‘eh dar Tārīkh 14
6. Jihād ash-Shī‘ah 15
7. Tārīkh-e Tashayyu‘ dar Īrān az Āghāz tā Qarn-e Haftum-e Hijrī 16
Lesson 1: Summary 17
Lesson 1: Questions 0
Lesson Two 19
General References 0
1. General History 0
2. Biography of the Imāms (‘a) 20
3. Books on Revolts and Wars 21
4. Books on Rijāl and Classes 0
5. Books on Geography 22
6. Books on Narrations 0
7. Books on Genealogy 23
8. Books on Ḥadīth 24
9. Books on Nations and Religions 0
Lesson 2: Summary 26
Lesson 2: Questions 0
Chapter Two 27
The Manner of Emergence of the Shī‘ah 0
Lesson Three 29
“Shī‘ah” in the Lexicon and the Qur’an 0
Lesson 3: Summary 34
Lesson 3: Questions 0
Lesson Four 35
The Origin of Shī‘ism 0
Lesson 4: Summary 44
Lesson 4: Questions 0
Lesson Five 45
The Other Terms for the “Shī‘ah” 0
The Status of ‘Alī (‘a) among the Companions [ṣaḥābah] 48
Lesson 5: Summary 59
Lesson 5: Questions 0
Lesson Six 60
The Role of the Quraysh in the Event of Saqīfah 0
The Reasons behind the Quraysh’s Enmity toward the Family of the Prophet (ṣ) 61
1. The Quraysh’s Ambition for Leadership 0
a. Economic Clout 62
b. Spiritual Position 0
2. Tribal Rivalry and Envy 64
3. The Quraysh’s Enmity toward ‘Alī (‘a) 65
Lesson 6: Summary 67
Lesson 6: Questions 0
Lesson Seven 69
The Silence of the Commander of the Faithful ‘Alī (‘a) 0
1. The Discord among Muslims 70
2. The Danger Posed by the Apostates [murtaddīn] 0
3. The Safety of the Progeny of the Prophet (ṣ) 72
The Concrete Political Formation of the Shī‘ah after the Event of Saqīfah 0
Lesson 7: Summary 76
Lesson 7: Questions 0
Lesson Eight 77
The Shī‘ah among the Companions [ṣaḥābah] 0
Lesson 8: Summary 82
Lesson 8: Questions 0
Chapter Three 83
The Periods of Historical Development of the Shī‘ah 0
Lesson Nine 85
1. The Shī‘ah during the Period of the First Four Caliphs 0
Manifestation of Shī‘ism during the Caliphate of ‘Alī (‘a) 87
2. The Shī‘ah during the Period of the Umayyad Caliphate 89
Lesson 9: Summary 92
Lesson 9: Questions 0
Lesson Ten 93
The Spread of Shī‘ism during the Period of Umayyad Caliphate 0
a. The Period of Imām al-Ḥasan and Imām al-Ḥusayn (‘a) 0
The Impact of the Karbalā’ Movement on the Spread of Shī‘ism 96
Lesson 10: Summary 100
Lesson 10: Questions 0
Lesson Eleven 101
b. The Period of Imām as-Sajjād (‘a) 0
The Shī‘ah Uprisings 104
Stabilization of the Rule of Marwān’s Descendants (Period of Strangulation) 106
Lesson 11: Summary 109
Lesson 11: Questions 0
Lesson Twelve 111
The Beginning of the ‘Abbāsid Campaign and Its Effect upon the Spread of Shī‘ism 0
1. Shī‘ism during the Period of Imām al-Bāqir and Imām aṣ-Ṣādiq (‘a) 113
The University of Imām aṣ-Ṣādiq (‘a) 116
Lesson 12: Summary 119
Lesson 12: Questions 0
Lesson Thirteen 121
3. The Shī‘ah during the Period of ‘Abbāsid Caliphate 0
‘Abbāsids Control over the Shī‘ah Leaders 127
Lesson 13: Summary 132
Lesson 13: Questions 0
Lesson Fourteen 133
The Reasons behind the Burgeoning of the Shī‘ah during the Period of ‘Abbasid Caliphate 0
1. The Hāshimīs and ‘Alawīs during the Period of Umayyad Caliphate 0
2. The End of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Succession to Power of the ‘Abbāsids 135
3. The Migration of the ‘Alawīs 0
The Reasons behind the Emigration of the Sādāt [Sayyids or Descendants of the Prophet (ṣ)] 138
a. The Defeat of the ‘Alawī Uprisings 0
b. Pressure Exerted by Governments Agents 139
c. Existence of Favorable Circumstances 0
Lesson 14: Summary 140
Lesson 14: Questions 0
Chapter Four 141
The Shī‘ah and ‘Alawī Uprisings 0
Lesson Fifteen 143
The Shī‘ah and ‘Alawī Uprisings during the Period of Umayyad Caliphate 0
a. The Uprising of Zayd 144
b. The Uprising of Yaḥyā ibn Zayd 146
Lesson 15: Summary 148
Lesson 15: Questions 0
Lesson Sixteen 149
The Shī‘ah and ‘Alawī Uprisings during the Period of ‘Abbāsid Caliphate 0
1. The Uprisings of the Zaydīs 0
a. The Uprising of Muḥammad Nafs az-Zakiyyah 151
b. The Uprising of Ibn Ṭabāṭabā’ī al-Ḥasani 152
c. The Uprising of Ḥasan ibn Zayd (the ‘Alawīs of Ṭabaristān) 153
d. The Uprising of Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥusayn (the Zaydīs of Yemen) 154
Lesson 16: Summary 155
Lesson 16: Questions 0
Lesson Seventeen 157
2. Sporadic Uprisings 0
a. The Uprising of Shahīd Fakh 0
b. The Uprising of Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim 158
c. The Uprising of Yaḥyā ibn ‘Umar aṭ-Ṭālibī 159
Factors behind the Failure of the Uprisings 0
Lesson 17: Summary 161
Lesson 17: Questions 0
Chapter Five 163
The Geographical Expansion of Shī‘ism 0
Lesson Eighteen 165
The Geographical Expansion of Shī‘ism 0
Lesson 18: Summary 168
Lesson 18: Questions 0
Lesson Nineteen 169
The Demographic Concentration of the Shī‘ah 0
1. The Shī‘ah-Populated Places during the First Century Hijrī 0
a. Medina 170
b. Yemen 171
c. Kūfah 174
d. Basrah 178
e. Madā’in 180
f. Jabal ‘Āmil 0
Lesson 19: Summary 182
Lesson 19: Questions 0
Lesson Twenty 183
2. The Shī‘ah-Populated Places during the Second Century Hijrī 0
a. Khurāsān 184
b. Qum 185
c. Baghdad 186
3. The Shī‘ah-Populated Places during the Third Century Hijrī 187
Lesson 20: Summary 189
Lesson 20: Questions 0
Lesson Twenty One 191
Shī‘ism among the Different Tribes 0
Lesson 21: Summary 197
Lesson 21: Questions 0
Chapter Six 198
The Rifts within Shī‘ism 201
Lesson Twenty Two 199
The Rifts within Shī‘ism 0
Lesson 22: Summary 206
Lesson 22: Questions 0
Lesson Twenty Three 207
Factors behind the Rifts within Shī‘ism 0
1. Repression 208
2. Taqiyyah [Dissimulation] 210
3. Ambition for Leadership 211
4. The Existence of Mentally Weak Individuals 213
The Infallible Imāms’ (‘a) Campaign against Extreme Views 214
Lesson 23: Summary 216
Lesson 23: Questions 0
Chapter Seven 217
The Intellectual Legacy of the Shī‘ah 0
Lesson Twenty Four 219
The Intellectual Legacy of the Shī‘ah 0
Ḥadīth 222
First Category 0
Second Category 223
Third Category 0
Fourth Category 224
Lesson 24: Summary 225
Lesson 24: Questions 0
Lesson Twenty Five 227
The Science of Jurisprudence [‘ilm al-fiqh] 0
The State of Jurisprudence during the Period of the Companions [ṣaḥābah] and the Followers [ṭābi‘ūn] 228
The State of Jurisprudence among the Shī‘ah 0
The Beginning of Ijtihād 230
The Jurists [fuqahā] among the Companions of the Imāms (‘a) 0
Lesson 25: Summary 232
Lesson 25: Questions 0
Lesson Twenty Six 233
The Science of Scholastic Theology [‘ilm al-kalām] 0
Lesson 26: Summary 237
Lesson 26: Questions 0
Chapter Eight 238
The Role of the Shī‘ah Poets in the Spread of Shī‘ism 0
Lesson Twenty Seven 239
The Shī‘ah Poets and the Station of Poetry 0
The Shī‘ah Poets Till the End of Minor Occultation [ghaybah aṣ-ṣughrā] 242
The Leading Shī‘ah Poets 245
Lesson 27: Summary 247
Lesson 27: Questions 0
Lesson Twenty Eight 249
The Subjects of the Poems of the Shī‘ah Poets 0
1. Argumentation against the Usurpers of the Ahl al-Bayt’s (‘a) Rights 0
2. The Shī‘ah Poets’ Confrontation with the Umayyad and ‘Abbāsid Poets 253
Lesson 28: Summary 257
Lesson 28: Questions 0
Lesson Twenty Nine 0
3. Elegy-Recitation 258
a. Elegies for Imām al-Ḥusayn (‘a) and the Other Martyrs in Karbalā’ 0
b. Elegies for the Other Martyrs among the Descendants of the Prophet (ṣ) 263
4. The Virtues and Merits of the Descendants of the Prophet (ṣ) 264
5. The Demerits of the Enemies of the Prophet’s (ṣ) Descendants 266
Lesson 29: Summary 270
Lesson 29: Questions 0
Bibliography 271

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First Pages




بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

In the Name of Allah,
the All-beneficent, the All-merciful





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The Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly  is an international non-governmental organization (INGO) that was established by a group of Shiite elites under the supervision of the great Islamic authority of the Shiites in 1990 to identify, organize, educate and support the followers of Ahl al-Bayt.

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